Tulu Lesson 40: may/might + have + Past Participle

namaskAra! Welcome back!

So far we have learned how to translate ‘would have’, ‘should have’ and ‘could have’ in Tulu. Today we are going to learn one more similar structure, i.e. ‘may/might + have + Past Participle’. This form is used to talk about the possibility that something happened in the past and also used to refer to the present or future.

 

Examples:

• He may have seen you

• They might have gone home

• I might have finished this work by tomorrow.

First let us see how to translate the word ‘may’ into Tulu. In Tulu there is no separate word for 'may'. Instead we use the Uncertain Future Tense to express probability or uncertainty. We have already learned this in the Lesson 7 Uncertain Future Tense

E.g. 

yAn ellae pOvae – I may go tomorrow (I will probably go tomorrow)

ini barsa baru – It may rain today (It will probably rain today)

To form “may/might + have + Past Participle” structure, we have to add uncertain future tense verb form of the auxiliary verb ‘uppuni’ (To be) to the past adverbial participle of the main verb.

Past Adverbial Participle (Perfect) + Uncertain future tense of the auxiliary verb ‘uppuni’

bar (barpini) – To come

batt’d + uppae = batt’duppae – I may/might have come

yAn batt'duppae – I may/might have come

I batt'duppa – You may/might have come

Aye/imbe batt'duppe – He may/might have come

Al/mOlu batt'duppal– She may/might have come

au/undu batt'dupu – It may/might have come 

nama/enkulu batt'duppa– We may/might have come

Ir/nikulu batt'duppar– You may/might have come

akulu/mokulu/Ar/mEr batt'dupper – They may/might have come

undekulu/aikulu batt'duppa– They may/might have come

tU (tUpini) – To see

tUd + uppae = tUduppae – I may/might have seen

yAn tUduppae – I may/might have seen

I tUduppa – You may/might have seen

Aye/imbe tUduppe – He may/might have seen

Al/mOlu tUduppal– She may/might have seen

au/undu tUduppu – It may/might have seen 

nama/enkulu tUduppa– We may/might have seen

Ir/nikulu tUduppar– You may/might have seen

akulu/mokulu/Ar/mEr tUdupper – They may/might have seen

undekulu/aikulu tUduppa– They may/might have seen

pO (pOpini) – To go

pOd + uppae = pOduppae - I may/might have gone

yAn pOduppae – I may/might have gone

I pOduppa – You may/might have gone

Aye/imbe pOduppe – He may/might have gone

Al/mOlu pOduppal– She may/might have gone

au/undu pOduppu – It may/might have gone 

nama/enkulu pOduppa– We may/might have gone

Ir/nikulu pOduppar– You may/might have gone

akulu/mokulu/Ar/mEr pOdupper – They may/might have gone

undekulu/aikulu pOduppa– They may/might have gone

mugipu (mugipuni) – To finish

 mugit’d + uppae = mugit’duppae - I may/might have finished

yAn mugit'duppae – I may/might have finished

I mugit'duppa – You may/might have finished

Aye/imbe mugit'duppe – He may/might have finished

Al/mOlu mugit'duppal– She may/might have finished

au/undu mugit'duppu – It may/might have finished 

nama/enkulu mugit'duppa– We may/might have finished

Ir/nikulu mugit'duppar– You may/might have finished

akulu/mokulu/Ar/mEr mugit'dupper – They may/might have finished

undekulu/aikulu mugit'duppa– They may/might have finished

Tulu: Aye ninan tUduppe

English: He may have seen you

Kannada: avanu ninnannu nODirabahudu

Tulu: akulu illaDe pOdupper

English: They might have gone home

Kannada: avaru manege hOgirabahudu

Tulu: yAn elledulai I bElen mugit’duppae

English: I may have finished this work by tomorrow.

Kannada: nAnu nALeyoLage I kelasavannu mugisirabahudu

More Examples:

par (parpini) – To drink

pard + uppae = parduppae - I may/might have drunk

yAn parduppae – I may/might have drunk

I parduppa – You may/might have drunk

Aye/imbe parduppe – He may/might have drunk

Al/mOlu parduppal– She may/might have drunk

au/undu parduppu – It may/might have drunk 

nama/enkulu parduppa– We may/might have drunk

Ir/nikulu parduppar– You may/might have drunk

akulu/mokulu/Ar/mEr pardupper – They may/might have drunk

undekulu/aikulu parduppa– They may/might have drunk

A (Apini) – To become

Ad + uppae = Aduppae - I may/might have become

yAn Aduppae – I may/might have been

I Aduppa – You may/might have been

Aye/imbe Aduppe – He may/might have been

Al/mOlu Aduppal– She may/might have been

au/undu Aduppu – It may/might have been / It may be so

nama/enkulu Aduppa– We may/might have been

Ir/nikulu Aduppar– You may/might have been

akulu/mokulu/Ar/mEr Adupper – They may/might have been

undekulu/aikulu Aduppa– They may/might have been

kalpu (kalpuni) – To learn

kalt’d + uppae = kalt’duppae – I may/might have learned

yAn kalt'duppae – I may/might have learned

I kalt'duppa – You may/might have learned

Aye/imbe kalt'duppe – He may/might have learned

Al/mOlu kalt'duppal– She may/might have learned

au/undu kalt'duppu – It may/might have learned

nama/enkulu kalt'duppa– We may/might have learned

Ir/nikulu kalt'duppar– You may/might have learned

akulu/mokulu/Ar/mEr kalt'dupper – They may/might have learned

undekulu/aikulu kalt'duppa– They may/might have learned

Negative forms:

We have the following structure for “may/might not + have + Past Participle”

Past Adverbial Participle (Perfect) + Negative forms of the auxiliary verb ‘uppuni’ in Uncertain future tense

bar (barpini) – To come

batt’d + uppayae = batt’duppayae – I may/might not have come

yAn batt'duppayae – I may/might not have come

I batt'duppaya – You may/might not have come

Aye/imbe batt'duppaye – He may/might not have come

Al/mOlu batt'duppayal– She may/might not have come

au/undu batt'duppand – It may/might not have come 

nama/enkulu batt'duppaya– We may/might not have come

Ir/nikulu batt'duppayar– You may/might not have come

akulu/mokulu/Ar/mEr batt'duppayer – They may/might not have come

undekulu/aikulu batt'duppaya– They may/might not have come

tU (tUpini) – To see

tUd + uppayae = tUduppayae – I may/might not have seen

yAn tUduppayae – I may/might not have seen

I tUduppaya – You may/might not have seen

Aye/imbe tUduppaye – He may/might not have seen

Al/mOlu tUduppayal– She may/might not have seen

au/undu tUduppand – It may/might not have seen 

nama/enkulu tUduppaya– We may/might not have seen

Ir/nikulu tUduppayar– You may/might not have seen

akulu/mokulu/Ar/mEr tUduppayer – They may/might not have seen

undekulu/aikulu tUduppaya– They may/might not have seen

Tulu: Aye ninan tUduppaye

English: He may not have seen you

Kannada: avanu ninnannu nODirlikkilla

Tulu: akulu illaDe pOduppayer

English: They might not have gone home

Kannada: avaru manege hOgirlikkilla

Tulu: yAn elledulai I bElen mugit’duppayae

English: I might not have finished this work by tomorrow.

Kannada: nAnu nALeyoLage I kelasavannu mugisirlikkilla

More Example Sentences:

Tulu: Ayeg bus tatt’duppu

English: He may have missed the bus.

Kannada: avanige bus tappirabahudu

Tulu: pEr’n puchchae parduppu

English: The cat might have drunk the milk

Kannada: bekku hAlannu kuDidirabahudu

Tulu: enna kAr’n Er kaND’dupper?

English: Who might have stolen my car?

Kannada: nanna kArannu yAru kaddirabahudu?

Tulu: Aye ODe pOduppe?

English: Where might he have gone?

Kannada: avanu ellige hOgirabahudu?

Tulu: akulu ittae Mysore ett’dupper

English: They might have reached Mysore now

Kannada: avaru Iga Mysore talapirabahudu

Tulu: I aklen tUduppa

English: You might have seen them

Kannada: nInu avarannu nODirabahudu

Tulu: Aleg madat’pOduppu

English: She might have forgotten

Kannada: avaLige maretu hOgirabahudu

Tulu: Ir eNDa sullu panduppar

English: You might have lied to me

Kannada: nIvu nannalli suLLu hELirabahudu

Tulu: rAme nanala batt’duppaye

English: Rama might not have come yet

Kannada: rAma innU bandiralikkilla

Tulu: I iDe muTa kEnduppaya

English: You might not have heard till now

Kannada: nInu illi varege kELiralikkilla

Tulu: nikulu satya panduppayar

English: You might not have said the truth

Kannada: nIvu satya hELirlikkilla

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Tulu Lesson 39: could + have + Past Participle

namaskAra! Welcome back!

Today we are going to learn how to translate “could + have + Past Participle” in Tulu. This form is used to express that something was possible in the past, or you had the ability to do something in the past, but that you didn't do it. The negative form is used to express that something wasn't possible in the past, even if you had wanted to do it.

Examples:

1. You could have come with me.
2. He could have done that work

In Tulu, we have the following structure for “could + have + Past Participle”

Past Adverbial Participle (Perfect) + suffix ‘oli’

bar (barpini) – To come

batt’d + oli = batt’doli / baidoli – Could have come

Normally this form is used with dative case.

Tulu: nikk ennoTTu baidoli

English: You could have come with me

Kannada: ninage nannoTTige barabahudittu

malpu (malpuni) – To do

malt’d + oli = malt’doli – Could have done

Tulu: A bElen ayeg malt’doli

English: He could have done that work

Kannada: A kelasavannu avanige mADabahudittu

More examples:

paN (paNpini) – To tell/say

pand + oli = pantoli (d’ is pronounced as ‘t’, if it is a Class A verb) – Could have told

kEN (kEnuni) – To ask/hear/listen

kEnd + oli = kEndoli – Could have asked

tiN (tiNpini) – To eat

tind + oli = tintoli – Could have eaten

jeppu (jeppuni) – To sleep

jett’d + oli = jett’doli / jeidoli

gobbu (gobbuni) – To play

gobbud + oli = gobbudoli – Could have played

kor (korpini) – To give

kord + oli = kortoli – Could have given

dettonu (dettonuni) – To buy/purchase/take for oneself

dettond + oli – dettondoli – Could have bought (for oneself)

uppu/ippu (uppuni/ippuni) – To be

itt’d + oli = itt’doli – Could have been

A (Apini) – To become

Ad + oli = Atoli – Could have become

Negative forms:

Let us translate ‘could not’ in Tulu first.

Infinitive + third person neuter past tense of the verb ‘Apini’ (To become)

I could not come – enk barrae Ayiji

Now change ‘Ayiji’ to ‘Atand’ (Third person neuter past subjunctive form of the verb ‘Apini’)

Atand = It would not happen / It would not have happened 

Infinitive + third person neuter past subjunctive form of the verb ‘Apini’

enk barrae Atand – I couldn’t have come

More examples:

pO (pOpini) – To go

pOyerae Atand – Could not have gone

uN (uNpini) – To eat lunch/dinner

uNDrae Atand – Could not have eaten lunch/dinner

telipu (telipuni) – To smile/laugh

teliperae Atand – Could not have smiled

kalpu (kalpuni) – To learn

kalperae Atand – Could not have learned

Example Sentences:

Tulu: nikk parIksheD pAs Atoli, ANDa I prayatna battija

English: You could have passed the exam, but you didn’t try.

Kannada: ninage parIksheyalli pAs Agabahudittu, Adare nInu prayatnisalilla

Tulu: nikk enan leidoli, ANDa I lettija

English: You could have called me, but you didn’t call

Kannada: ninage nannannu karIbahudittu, Adare nInu karIlilla

Tulu: aleg Ayen madimae Atoli, ANDa aleg ishTa ittiji

English: She could have married him but she didn't want to.

Kannada: avaLige avanannu maduve Agabahudittu, Adare avaLige ishTa iralilla

Tulu: akleg avlu pokkaDae kulluna badal, enk sAya malt’doli

English: They could have helped me instead of just sitting there.

Kannada: avarige alli summane kuLitukoLLuva badalu, nanage sahAya mADabahudittu

Tulu: Ayeg ontae bEga baidoli

English: He could have come little earlier.

Kannada: avanige svalpa bEga barabahudittu

Tulu: namak aleDa pantoli

English: We could have told her

Kannada: namage avaLalli hELabahudittu

Tulu: kAs itt’d’NDa, onji car dettondoli

English: Could have been purchased a car if had money.

Kannada: duDDu irtiddare, ondu car tegedukoLLabahudittu

Tulu: enk oryeg malperae Atand

English: I could not have done it alone.

Kannada: nanage obbanige mADOke Agtiralilla

Tulu: enk neDd bEga barrae Atand, traffic jam itt’ND

English: I could not have arrived any earlier, there was a traffic jam.

Kannada: nanage idakkinta bEga barOke Agtiralilla,  traffic jam ittu

Tulu: Ir enan leid’NDala enk barrae Atand. enk hushAr ittiji

English: I couldn’t have come even if you had called me. I was not feeling well.

Kannada: nIvu nannannu karItiddrU nanage baroKe Agtiralilla. nanage hushAr  iralilla

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Tulu Lesson 38: should/must + have + Past Participle

namaskAra! Welcome back!

Today we are going to learn how to translate “should/must + have + Past Participle” in Tulu. This form is used to express something that should have been done, but that we didn't do it, or advice about the past, or regretting what we did or didn't do. Please review the previous lesson Past Subjunctive Mood – “would/wouldhave” and Potential mood (must, should, need, can, may) before we proceed.

Look at the following examples:

You should have gone

He should have told me

She should have asked me

So you know how to translate ‘should’ or ‘must’ in Tulu. We have to add the suffix ‘oDu’ to the root verb.

Example:

pO (pOpini) – To go

pO + oDu = pOvoDu – should go

  

In Tulu, we have the following structure for “should/must + have + Past Participle”

Past Adverbial Participle (Perfect) + oDu

pOd + oDu = pOtoDu (d’ is pronounced as ‘t’, if it is a Class A verb) – should/must have gone

Tulu: I pOtoDu

English: You should have gone

Kannada: nInu hOgbEkittu

paN (paNpini) – To tell/say

pand + oDu = pantoDu (Class A verb) – should/must have told

Tulu: Aye eNDa pantoDu

English: He should have told me

Kannada: avanu nannalli hELbEkittu

kEN (kENuni) – To ask/hear/listen

kEnd + oDu = kEndoDu – should/must have asked

Tulu: Al eNDa kEndoDu

English: She should have asked me

Kannada: avaLu nannalli kELbEkittu

More examples:

malpu (malpuni) – To do/make

malt’d + oDu = malt’doDu – should/must have done

bar (barpini) – To come

batt’d + oDu = batt’doDu or baidoDu – should/must have come

leppu (leppuni) – To call

lett’d + oDu = lett’doDu or leidoDu – should/must have called

uN (uNpini) – To eat/have lunch or dinner

und + oDu = untoDu (Class A verb) – should/must have eaten lunch/dinner

telipu (telipuni) – To smile/laugh

telit’d + oDu = telit’doDu – should/must have smiled

uppu/ippu (uppuni/ippuni) – To be

itt’d + oDu = itt’doDu – should/must have been

A (Apini) – To become

Ad + oDu = AtoDu – should/must have become

Negative forms:

In Tulu we do not have negative forms for “should/must + have + Past Participle”, instead we use negative potential mood (should not/must not) and add third person neuter simple past tense of the auxiliary verb ‘uppuni’ (To be) at the end:

Negative potential mood + itt’ND

Example:

He should not have gone

Let’s translate “He should not go” to Tulu first.

Aye pOyeraeballi - He should not go (necessity or permission)

                       

                                OR

Aye pOpinaboDchi – He should not go (suggestion)

Now add “itt’ND” (Third person neuter simple past tense of the auxiliary verb ‘uppuni’) at the end.

Aye pOyeraeballi + itt’ND = Aye pOyeraeballitt’ND - He should not have gone (regretting)

Aye pOpinaboDchi + itt’ND = Aye pOpinaboDchitt’ND - He should not have gone (advice)

One more example:

You should not have eaten

I tiNyeraeballi – You should not eat (necessity)

I tiNpinaboDchi – You should not eat (suggestion)

I tiNyeraeballitt’ND - You should not have eaten (regretting)

I tiNpinaboDchitt’ND - You should not have eaten (advice)

Example Sentences:

Tulu: I enan leidoDu

English: You should have called me

Kannada: nInu nannannu karIbEkittu

Tulu: Ir ennoTTu baidoDu

English: You should have come with me

Kannada: nIvu nannoTTige barbEkittu

Tulu: Ir ennoTTu barraeballitt’ND

English: You should not have come with me

Kannada: nIvu nannoTTige barabAradittu

Tulu: yAn kANDae bEga lakk’doDu

English: I should have got up early in the morning.

Kannada: nAnu beLagge bEga eddELbEkittu

Tulu: Aye eNDa pantoDu

English: He should have told me

Kannada: avanu nanalli hELbEkittu

Tulu: nikulu kANDae muTa kAt’doDu

English: You should have waited until morning

Kannada: nIvu beLaggina varegU kAyabEkittu

Tulu: yAn AyeDa ancha pAteryeraeballitt’ND

English: I shouldn't have spoken to him like that.

Kannada: nAnu avanige hAge mAtADabAradittu

Tulu: yAn tulu kalt’doDu

English: I should have learned Tulu

Kannada: nAnu tuLu kalibEkittu

Tulu: Ir mUlu itt’doDu

English: You should have been here

Kannada: nIvu illi irabEkittu

Tulu: I eNDa sullu paNDraeballitt’ND

English: You shouldn’t have lied to me.

Kannada: nInu nannalli suLLu hELabAradittu

Tulu: Ar Doctor AtoDu

English: He should have become a Doctor

Kannada: avaru Doctor AgabEkittu

Tulu: Ir vantae bEga baidoDu

English: You should have come little earlier

Kannada: nIvu svalpa bEga barbEkittu

In English, we can also use ‘should have + Past Participle’ to guess about events that may have happened.

Example: He should have reached Bangalore by now. (We are not certain whether he reached Bangalore or not)

In Tulu we have slightly different form to guess about events that may have happened. The auxiliary verb ‘uppu’ (uppuni – To be) is used with potential mood suffix ‘oDu’.

Past Adverbial Participle (Perfect) + uppu + oDu

pO (pOpini) – To go

pOd + uppu + oDu = pOduppoDu – should have gone  (guessing)

bar (barpini) – To come

batt’d + upp + oDu = batt’duppoDu - should have come (guessing)

   

Examples:

Tulu: Aye ittae benglUr ett’duppoDu

English: He should have reached Bangalore by now.

Kannada: avanu Iga bengLuru talapirabEku

Tulu: akulu ini kANDae pOduppoDu

English: They should have gone this morning.

Kannada: avaru indu belagge hOgirabEku

Tulu: Ar It portugu jett’duppoDu

English: He/She must have slept by now.

Kannada: avaru ishTu hottige malagirabEku

Tulu: I bElen Iye malt'duppoDu, bEtae Erla att.

English: You only must have done this work, no one else.

Kannada: I kelasavannu nIne mADirabEku, bEre yArU alla. 

Click here to go to Vocabulary page.

Click here for Video lessons

If you need more sentences translated in Tulu, please leave a comment. If you find this lesson helpful, please share it with your friends who wish to learn Tulu J

See you next week!

solmelu!