Tulu Lesson 39: could + have + Past Participle

namaskAra! Welcome back!

Today we are going to learn how to translate “could + have + Past Participle” in Tulu. This form is used to express that something was possible in the past, or you had the ability to do something in the past, but that you didn't do it. The negative form is used to express that something wasn't possible in the past, even if you had wanted to do it.

Examples:

1. You could have come with me.
2. He could have done that work

In Tulu, we have the following structure for “could + have + Past Participle”

Past Adverbial Participle (Perfect) + suffix ‘oli’

bar (barpini) – To come

batt’d + oli = batt’doli / baidoli – Could have come

Normally this form is used with dative case.

Tulu: nikk ennoTTu baidoli

English: You could have come with me

Kannada: ninage nannoTTige barabahudittu

malpu (malpuni) – To do

malt’d + oli = malt’doli – Could have done

Tulu: A bElen ayeg malt’doli

English: He could have done that work

Kannada: A kelasavannu avanige mADabahudittu

More examples:

paN (paNpini) – To tell/say

pand + oli = pantoli (d’ is pronounced as ‘t’, if it is a Class A verb) – Could have told

kEN (kEnuni) – To ask/hear/listen

kEnd + oli = kEndoli – Could have asked

tiN (tiNpini) – To eat

tind + oli = tintoli – Could have eaten

jeppu (jeppuni) – To sleep

jett’d + oli = jett’doli / jeidoli

gobbu (gobbuni) – To play

gobbud + oli = gobbudoli – Could have played

kor (korpini) – To give

kord + oli = kortoli – Could have given

dettonu (dettonuni) – To buy/purchase/take for oneself

dettond + oli – dettondoli – Could have bought (for oneself)

uppu/ippu (uppuni/ippuni) – To be

itt’d + oli = itt’doli – Could have been

A (Apini) – To become

Ad + oli = Atoli – Could have become

Negative forms:

Let us translate ‘could not’ in Tulu first.

Infinitive + third person neuter past tense of the verb ‘Apini’ (To become)

I could not come – enk barrae Ayiji

Now change ‘Ayiji’ to ‘Atand’ (Third person neuter past subjunctive form of the verb ‘Apini’)

Atand = It would not happen / It would not have happened 

Infinitive + third person neuter past subjunctive form of the verb ‘Apini’

enk barrae Atand – I couldn’t have come

More examples:

pO (pOpini) – To go

pOyerae Atand – Could not have gone

uN (uNpini) – To eat lunch/dinner

uNDrae Atand – Could not have eaten lunch/dinner

telipu (telipuni) – To smile/laugh

teliperae Atand – Could not have smiled

kalpu (kalpuni) – To learn

kalperae Atand – Could not have learned

Example Sentences:

Tulu: nikk parIksheD pAs Atoli, ANDa I prayatna battija

English: You could have passed the exam, but you didn’t try.

Kannada: ninage parIksheyalli pAs Agabahudittu, Adare nInu prayatnisalilla

Tulu: nikk enan leidoli, ANDa I lettija

English: You could have called me, but you didn’t call

Kannada: ninage nannannu karIbahudittu, Adare nInu karIlilla

Tulu: aleg Ayen madimae Atoli, ANDa aleg ishTa ittiji

English: She could have married him but she didn't want to.

Kannada: avaLige avanannu maduve Agabahudittu, Adare avaLige ishTa iralilla

Tulu: akleg avlu pokkaDae kulluna badal, enk sAya malt’doli

English: They could have helped me instead of just sitting there.

Kannada: avarige alli summane kuLitukoLLuva badalu, nanage sahAya mADabahudittu

Tulu: Ayeg ontae bEga baidoli

English: He could have come little earlier.

Kannada: avanige svalpa bEga barabahudittu

Tulu: namak aleDa pantoli

English: We could have told her

Kannada: namage avaLalli hELabahudittu

Tulu: kAs itt’d’NDa, onji car dettondoli

English: Could have been purchased a car if had money.

Kannada: duDDu irtiddare, ondu car tegedukoLLabahudittu

Tulu: enk oryeg malperae Atand

English: I could not have done it alone.

Kannada: nanage obbanige mADOke Agtiralilla

Tulu: enk neDd bEga barrae Atand, traffic jam itt’ND

English: I could not have arrived any earlier, there was a traffic jam.

Kannada: nanage idakkinta bEga barOke Agtiralilla,  traffic jam ittu

Tulu: Ir enan leid’NDala enk barrae Atand. enk hushAr ittiji

English: I couldn’t have come even if you had called me. I was not feeling well.

Kannada: nIvu nannannu karItiddrU nanage baroKe Agtiralilla. nanage hushAr  iralilla

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solmelu!